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DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DPS15 02 JANUARY 2015 Unemployment benefits activation and the interaction between levels of government Experiences with moral hazard in multi-tiered labour market governance systems Frank VANDENBROUCKE & Chris LUIGJES Public Economics Faculty And Business UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS ACTIVATION AND THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT Prof Dr F Vandenbroucke C Luigjes MSc 1 2 This paper is based on research which has received financial support from European Union Programme for Employment Social Innovation “EaSI” (2014-2020) For further information please consult: http://ec europa eu/social/easi The contained this publication does not necessarily reflect official position Commission Background A consensus developing concerning need a supranational automatic stabiliser EMU as acknowledged Blueprint1 Four Presidents’ Report Such stabilisers smooth cyclical fluctuations restraining booms busts stabilise economic social situation Member States most affected by crises Communication Dimension EMU3 reaffirmed that long term “it should become possible to establish an autonomous euro area budget providing fiscal capacity absorb shocks” However it also drew attention fact EU be seen long-term project notably view institutional issues Treaty changes As result discussions concrete proposals implementation have yet started Discussions academic circles where typically take form transfer system across centralisation at euro-area (or EU) level some counter-cyclical public expenditure (such unemployment scheme – or UBS) more analysis needed order assess in-depth different options One aspect focuses national UBS Specifically there may risk when pays (part of) benefit but able check crucial characteristics beneficiary (job search effort eligibility etc ) involves individual well State experience existing federal heavily regionalised could bring useful lessons such regarding set common minimal conditions (2012a) ‘A blueprint deep genuine monetary union: Launching Debate’ COM(2012) 777 final/2 eu/commission_2010- 2014/president/news/archives/2012/11/pdf/blueprint_en pdf Van Rompuy H (2012) ‘Towards Economic Monetary Union’ collaboration José Manuel Barroso Jean-Claude Juncker Mario Draghi Brussels 5 December http://www consilium eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/134069 3 (2013) ‘Strengthening Parliament Council Table Contents Introduction Multi-tiered Labour Market Governance 6 Types models Moral 8 Activation: combatting consequences Designing performance measurements prevent 9 context measurement 10 4 Lessons designing 11 Studying experiences hazard: case selection 12 United 13 insurance 14 assistance 17 Activation workforce development 18 U S 20 Germany 22 23 24 German 26 Denmark 27 28 Danish 30 Belgium 31 32 Belgian 36 7 Results: learned National relevance E(M)U-wide 39 Policy Conclusions Debate 40 Literature 41 Appendices 45 Appendix General trend decentralisation: motivation create increasing local autonomy 48 B 52 60 D 63 E 69 Endnotes 72 Formal operational policy reforms employment types North-America 46 dimensions flexibility Forms managerial political decentralisation 47 measures Agencies Motivations behind schemes 50 Federal-state cooperation under SSA FUTA today division amongst American per related Federal requirements states’ claims funds costs administration UC programmes 53 Conditions additional tax credit approval state laws (FUTA) 54 Dimensions Extended Compensation triggers 56 States’ Maintenance Effort (MOE) 57 15 MOE spending 16 Requirements plans TANF SFAG block grants Standard deviations annual average rates (member) states Most prominent conduct 58 19 Mandatory WIA 21 Hartz reform packages 2003-2005 Old (until 2004) new (after 2005) ALG II objectives 2013 2014 61 data collected municipal jobcentres reported: inclusion report 25 effectiveness 62 Germanlabour mandatory contact job plan procedure municipalities must engage insured unemployed able-bodied claimants 29 65 State-municipal reimbursement Kontanthjælp 67 policies 33 among 70 Figure Interaction Dullien proposal relations classifications Average incidence ‘0 months’ Eurozone countries rate 2000-2012 flow revenue generating federal-state compensation program trust model one-stop-shops Accountability structure institutions regions 66 Tasks roles planning process 68 Sanctions % total number directly linked follow-up following ‘transmissions’ Total sanctions There are who consider unemployment-based stabilizers advantageous Euro large (Deinzer 2004; 2007 2012 2014; French Ministry Finance Accounts see 1) An E(MU)-wide function stabilizer awareness citizens efforts advantages reinforce convergence focusses stabilisation purposes investigates Even though climate Europe very hostile integration so than others would wise merits duty officials politicians researchers look beyond problems contemplate solutions tomorrow If reinforces supports actually achieve least goals stated above warrants investigation i In fully appreciate possibilities limitations combination paramount learn actual real world practices Nearly everywhere other Western already another Moreover strong tendency decentralise (Van Berkel Borghi 2008 Wieshaupt 2010 Mosley 2011) It before we even think about adding layer top understand realities (interaction between) layers will focus exist explore issue current much especially relevant solidarity contributors any one reasons enacting Passive administrating disbursing cash often executed central But transition passive activating requires governments intimate knowledge individuals 2008) line reasoning tailor-made administer monitor those logic mandates (OECD 2003: 12-17 Knuth Larsen 2010) besides closer ii Because variety motivations come surprise forms Bredgaard try multitude questions considering They identify two main dimensions: formal (Table concern content whereas deal relationship responsibilities actors: implements responsible whom? exactly type understanding Therefore practice difference might clear-cut iii investigate draw review Different relate ways First all inspiration works Arguably way each akin member supra-national how centralized relation (the leeway they enjoy governance) size demographic resemble closely do whether can dimension Secondly municipalised provide valuable insights policymaker contemplating thus Thirdly needs account itself words design accommodate recognise its represent full diversity only deals subset range constellations proceed manner Firstly theoretical framework constructed basic concepts inherent used select cases analysed gained combined ‘results’ chapter Finally conclusions pointers outlined last Before get what entails We conceptualisation practical implementations involved say want within our selected open makers Furthermore grips said multiple typologies takes separation starting point (2008) From close empirical building Hugh identifies couple (2011) preparation PES dialogue instigated authored analytical he clarifies considers link mostly neglect either He differentiates calls ‘managerial’ ‘political’ iv classification off ends (Figure 2) Managerial driven desire efficiency (Mosley 2011: 7) influenced New Management (NPM) specifically By Objectives (MBO) Reforms include setting targets measure progress agencies offices thereof) Sometimes free choose themselves sort ‘policy menu’ managers pick fit their office however centrally because refinement authority 6) sense combat hierarchy (see section almost universal Strategy (EES) been instrumental spread diffusion these (2011: pertains first place Services (PES) perhaps decentralised entail transfusion MBO applied essence true remain charge both encompass elements Political hand implies devolution lower Local legal entities responsibility substantial freedom comes change innovation utmost importance closest truly complex according always pragmatic ethnic linguistic regional differences historical example – 12-13) processes mutually exclusive Nor likely NPM reflected three types: v Essentially just representative These Federalism characterised greatest here understood cantons domestic areas including Regionalised certain fields provinces Municipalisation limited explicitly uncommon 8) shows categorisation North-American along lines Although Canada US follow classifying ‘regional decentralisation’ To implications ask ourselves: actors obtain flexibility? Every own presented distinct separate course certainly same vi require qualitative ‘practical flexibility’ clearly discussed sources: vii Froy et al OECD LEED edited Giguère (2009 3) purpose table overview divided no means exhaustive conclusive Another precaution described subject degree Take ‘performance measures’: strict specific country every covered Some activities purposefully left out hard capture indicators happenstance When management cover creates referred “accountability gaps” gaps hinder deliberately increases (Froy 43) concept incur levels: claimant) institution tasked benefits) let us itself: “At strongest condition probability p loss L exogenous Less stringently problem influence cost greater expected gain doing so” (Barr 1993: 92) Relating becoming staying becomes extent deliberate choices insuring born collective fund) economies authorities prepared bear hazard-related given stabilization wish protect involuntary viii At alters incentive find opportunity (Nicholson Needels 2006: 9) Especially duration fund confronted altered Through altering limit prolonged therefore reduce undesired high welfare expenditures services partially developed (Calmfors 1995 Boone Ours 2004: Grubb 365) engaging search-contracts through monitoring offering counteract danger recipients postpone conveniently implemented subsidiaries operators thought better situated over funding separated required perform skewed towards creating ‘shell’ name termed ‘parking’ parked (Grubb 394-395; Nunn 2009: 15-16) definition applies equally principal-agent government: “Moral refers (ex post) principal (fully) agent enables latter various non-compliance contractual terms e g so-called shirking” 2001: 10) occurs situations bears administers disburses prolonging spell felt paragraph demonstrate linking governmental possibility occurrence several alongside funded sickness Determining claimant eligible ‘dumping’: intentional wrongful assessment caseloads ideal-typical represented ix challenge incentives limiting stem low generosity short part parcel delegates whilst maintaining budgetary secure compliance objective ensure behaviour determined higher attempted reporting transparency x ‘management (MBO)’ xi done ways: ex-ante constant measuring operating units against 14) kind 5) Three differentiated: input (budgets amount staff) (also literature ‘output’ focussed actions service provider) outcome subdivided into intermediate final 358 2-3) use inspired agency-theory assumes less likelihood principals agents agree accurately measured tied (Moynihan 2010: 31) noted that: “agency endemic approach emphasis achieving quantitative targets” iii) Additionally assumed agencytheory rare Moynihan contract-based opportunities arise undermine Service Motivation (PSM) civil servants (2010; Heinrich 2007: 283-284) irony intrinsic best remedy shirking 25) inherently counterproductive suggests comprehensively timely actor robust finally committed (Nunn 45; 284; opaque 363; 91) effective increase offsets Performance payments bonuses Studies shown affect 97) allocate easily manipulated (Heinrich 285) generate supply demand leading while producing added value 363) explain enhance dangers Concerning uses indicators: ‘input’ refer onestop-shop work particularly incentivise se granted runs implement budgets dump ‘process’ keeping track vacancies administrate amounts intervention Process ‘intervention’ susceptible parking ‘Intermediate outcome’ direct outcomes ‘final aimed improve general population 27-32) Intermediate out-flows beneficiaries results vacancy registration carry them incentivising creaming easy-toplace workers 10-11; Final groups Specific namely penetration quality utilised perverse rather combats overstate problematic nature guidance next context-factors powerful optimal readily straightforward […] agency theory finding bonus aggregate (for state-level) fewer competing distinctive organizational environmental contexts 284) What away quote relies incentivises viably transformed parsimonious effects avoided environments distort was evidence compatible strategy organisations 95 4) ideal-types correspond hierarchical decentralized self-administration 95) flexibility: (1) traditional using centralised command control in-house delivery; (2) continuous re-contracting providers potentially arms-length delivery lifetime contract; (3) payment (volume quality) (4) purchase clients exercise choice (2004) Research cream skimming gaming strongly settings (Koning 2013: 463) (private) third parties contracts argues altogether Others ability placing jobs major causes programme 477) High rewards recipe depending contingent effect stronger “In risks failing meet contract expectations due factors client portend barriers successful powered performance-based induce unintended parking” 480) clear considerations broad relating summarise “in appropriate inputs outputs still focused outcomes” (2009: leads conclude devolved outcome-focused controls 47) Monitoring via internal external mechanisms External independent audit bureaus firms tend costly Internal Theories critical suggest cost-reducing So (institutional) partly (individual) suited ‘real-time’ possibly supplemented characteristic serves bulwark make kinds Input mean cannot (mutual) learning if: employees actively participate density complexity administrative rules comprehensive reliable complementary approaches assessing rewarding fair transparent 2001) morally hazardous Both European-wide Put undermines arguably weaker consolidated centuries nation forming vested (centralised) industrial younger pressure competition outside (Streeck 2000) Vanhercke pan-European solidarity: “The panEuropean notion cohesion scale rights movement Solidarity income redistribution balance obligations” (Vandenbroucke 2014: 15) authors argue multi-dimensional forms: mutual mix reciprocity warning seems appropriate: “When propensity cooperate share values concerned back: shared purpose” 16) flawed revealed ‘fix’ reduced cause unrepairable damage thereby undermining budding Given poses unity obligations Any suffers severe surely fostering drawing meaningful analyse four (partial) municipalisation regionalisation federalisation object study pitfalls challenges exploratory yield definite feasibility desirability resembles inspirations leg up (2007 2013) 33) geographically demographically whole wide like partial mode joint PES-municipal collaborations interesting intermingles experiment ongoing 105 opted-out xii complete shock introduced instantaneous after scandal involving (Eichhorst Konle-Seidl 2008: 12) optout clean break past ideal candidate hybrid represents extreme reveal looks contrast scholars (Giguère Froy) highest 26) stages quite advantage made completely accountability tool 19) decrease intergovernmental Significant parts took 2009 (taking little later) previous period experimentation 51) presents options: Italy Spain ‘pure’ estimates flexibilities 34) determine available departments below (of examined ones) followed then tables Italian originates sub-regional Spanish combines xiii ‘path-dependence’ federalist element history notable impact style versus boils down top-down imposed bottom-up attempting retain (Straits 2003; Eberts 2009) Besides differs federation (somewhat) obvious differences: larger sets apart xiv demarked legislation (requirements) bearing considered dealt Rather time decided tradition present throughout legislated codified since era Great Depression (Eberts 304; O’leary 1; Quade 348) Much governed (amended versions the) Security Act (SSA) 1935 Tax 1939 Wagner-Peyser 1933 established nation-wide network decades many created explicit regulated reflects comments path-dependence remarks 2011; 2009; Straits 2003) headed ‘unemployment insurance’ ‘social assistance’ somewhat counterparts regular relatively meagre chief them: Food Stamp (officially Supplemental Nutritional Assistance SNAP) Temporary Needy Families (TANF) Nichols 2006) supplementary emergency financed extend finances payroll taxes amounted percent year (USDOL receive without though: transfers accounts submit claim approved Secretary xv comply federally xvi provisions predominantly Only small profiling referral employers’ lay-off records (experience rating) Under 42 § 503 (a) (10) pose (past) participation satisfactory exemptions seem UI-beneficiaries ensures conformity levying 6% levied employer wages (up $7000) meets minimum 11) provides employers percentage points 90% liabilities xvii ties mainly minimalistic ground procedures feature go lend xviii borrow Account maximum years second loan repaid discontinued (US DOL 7-8) claw back proper exceeded effectively tax-base xix regulations xx directives legislative adoption clauses behavioural xxi All characteristics: called ‘base period’ Workers show force attachment continue willingness xxii considerable attempts target group provided ring-fenced state’s enjoys significant spend staff personnel hiring firing unrestricted unconcerned requirement impose conditionality UIbeneficiaries exempt deem management-contingent pay build UI traditionally coverage unlike modest during times crisis unlikely rise significantly strange (Klerman permanent (EB) meant operate counter-cyclically functions trigger optional 13) increased half weeks enforce extension equal xxiii Other Trade Adjustment (TAA) Emergency (EUC08) put congress renewed end xxiv EUC08 similar EB extraordinary hardship extents durations paid special “Temporary solely (specifically Department Labour) entered abstract agreements Disaster (DUA) structured similarly: govern basis (as USDOL) non reimbursable re-employment services” (Quade 361) xxv compared obliged accept help (but extended) determining extended automatically action kick later moment downturn cycle (Nichols response crisis: 800 billion dollar Recovery Reinvestment (ARRA) included option dollars week; Compensation; (7 dollar) package alter (broaden) ARRA extensions raises were agreement enter xxvi changed preconditions erected apply Until halfway 1980s opt-out exit early circumstances falling dumping negated reversing scrapping stricter Middle Class Relief Job Creation xxvii collect random audits undertake step coupling consistent albeit MCTRJCA dominant power foots bill wants availability occurring supposed unsurprising tries increasingly gets financing severely difficult imagine stand-by supersede concerns consists programmes: housing energy component assistance: ignore xxviii standards flexible uniform criteria calculation allowed enlarge xxix parameters sometimes remarked burden xxx xxxi Secretary) adhere xxxii exceed activity programme- budget- organisation guidelines includes incorporates xxxiii comparison brings broader methods grant (a ‘State Family Grant’) if great develop xxxiv maintain (Maintenance Of MOE) xxxv $16 $10 (Falk: 1-2) freely spendable 18) once 282) start application Grant (SFAG) Health Human (DHHS) as: services; applying work-requirements Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity (PRWORA) 1996 xxxvi Their USC 604 operates agreements) categories: achieved xxxvii are: 50% 2-parent families defined officially unsubsidized goes eleven training participating community child care ‘work activities’ displays On surprising lot role determines (in terms) reported subsequently reviewed (input process) absence raise doubts enforced channels: SNAP Workforce Investment (WIA) 1998 integral xxxviii reliant PRWORA did 1990s act working now linkage (non-activation dependent) (late) probably indeed; Later posed With 99 cut 73 Klerman reason why getting homogeneity xxxix diverge pack turn enacted (mainly one-stop-shops) century ago xl employed register (other) intensive (résumé printers mandated execute Worker Profiling Reemployment (WPRS) Nowadays moved call centres (Barnow King 2005: 28) seven guiding principles: streamlined empowerment access Boards (WIBs) private sector enhanced improved youth 1998) “WIA’s law attempt Thus legislation’s default WIB One-Stop Career Centers operated organizations (which for-profit nonprofit consortium organizations) delivered [PES] vendors board Center operator — core customer (through ITAs) statute sufficient placed hands government” 35) Since introduction investment xli statexlii localxliii boards 600 although WIBs linchpin principle oversee advice How entirely localities governor outsourcing xliv shops combine singlehandedly run operator; partners flexibility) xlv setup carried mandatory: “specifically organization reports administering programs staff; independence program” 16; xlvi 97% ESAA fulfils largest xlvii broaden finance Increased monitored formulation essentially xlviii adopted contain hard-toplace reaction Training Partnership preceded Marscke 20) negotiations add 44 46) xlix negotiation proposing subcontractors feeling studies abandoning standard adjustment favour adjusting led “are viewed arbitrary potential participants undesirable posthoc performance” Marschke 34; Associates Barnow multi-annual strategic invited unified l grantees sub-recipients li enhancing supplementing capacities counted 286) lii liii “There tasks system: determination (expected performance) [the measures]; survey verification (performance bonuses) allocations” 288) liv lack standardized mounting accuracy discontinuation 2007) found ‘strategic enrolment’ words: (Trutko 2005; taken former JTPA regime resulted desired reduction standardised single externalities negotiated precisely consistently politics adjusted lv definitely shift encompassing overly complicated questioned decreases codification modes control: (mostly) met pressure; certification conditions; ex-post restrictions creative restriction constraint lvi Simplified: mode; two; relief landscape constitute moderate constraints degrees acts contains important bureaucratic extra neutralise old remains lacking efficiently Reviewing changing targeted transferring fairly simple method ensuring extensive negative side usable fighting uneven marked stable 17) sometime occurred markets lags business Time-lag affects negatively know exhaustion pre-emergency incentivised activate counts recognised reigning indicate presence pitfall complying enthusiastic onto disadvantage applicability EU: far divergent elegant solution: extending (Dullien 84-86 normal base ‘regular’ E(M)U twice lvii periods (Arbeitslosengeld II) fits category socioeconomic overhaul: Hartz-reforms undergone wholly 2002 aftermath thereof 21) Ironically Office Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) overhaul BA statistical placements fraudulent outrage “window opportunity” politically deadlocked 11; famous kick-started events transformation shall entailed creation (joint) conjoined initiatives “selling precondition ostensibly lead joined-up (Knuth had reforms: (Arbeitslosengeld) (Arbeitslosenhilfe) exhausted Arbeitslosengeld contributions taxation administered (Sozialhilfe) intended connection 22) comparatively speaking solid record variation 6-7) unevenly making harder quantities people dependent divergence keep gave “dump” workload Confirming suggestion achievable otherwise 22-23; 68) Concretely entitlements remove unlimited lviii I lix largely unchanged self-governing (Vorstand) overseen tripartite supervisory committee (Verwaltungsrat) According Drittes Sozialgezetsbuch (SGB III) lx fall elaborated 39) lxi performed non-quantified §1 SGB III negotiates frame (outcome) (Rahmenziele) tracks monitors lxii Perhaps combining Arbeitslosenhilfe Sozialhilfe (Grundsicherung Arbeitsuchende framework: Zweites Sozialgesetzbuch lxiii raised Red-Green Schröder wanted compromise opposition BA: (partially BA) lxiv heating miscellaneous lxv predetermined Länder lxvi (75%) (25%) lxvii height leaving regard lxviii indefinite six month lxix municipality renewing (morally hazardous) unable ‘capable working’ remained Deeming someone capable consequently assessed 23) federal-local ‘consortia’ (one-stopshops Gemeinsame Einrichtungen EA arrangements) lxx consortia together behaves unitary lxxi handles limited: limited; Almost contracted (Jantz Jann 235) contrary instruct striking ‘opt-out’ clause Optionskommunen integrated one-stopshop lxxii opting lxxiii aspects steering right Agency competences intervene day-to-day operations describe undertaken address lxxiv brought coherent (KonleSeidl 156 (with 660 branches) directorates provision coordinated one-stop-shop partner experienced then-called Arbeitsgemeinschaften (ARGEn) tensions arose coordination Municipalities hampered struck: ARGEn 2005 governing council) (Konle-Seild solve underlying “a clash cultures” 39; Konlei-Seidl constitutional ruling unconstitutional ‘mixed administration’ intermingled opposed municipalities’ self-rule 11-12) lxxv Instead inside controlling level: gives powers supervise supervising proceedings lxxvi Target binding licensed two-tier process” until 2011 accountable lxxvii lxxviii (non-quantified) SozialGezetsbuch lxxix independently (Konle-Seidl negotiate non-quantifiable ministry lxxx obligated lxxxi Affairs conforms statutes lxxxii annually output discretionary lxxxiii differentiated regimes Rahmenziele rose Concerns whereby boosting penalty €10 000 person abolished 46; lxxxiv regardless enough initiate drastic municipalities) lxxxv council “servant masters” 242) day managing director appointed ‘Assembly Providers’ (Trägerversammlung) lxxxvi Trägerversammlung regulating establishing competent equivalent) ALMPs lxxxvii oversees cooperates newly ‘Cooperation Committee’ (Kooperationsausschuss) lxxxviii Kooperationsausschuss agreed upon observe compares performances invite representatives one-stopshops subjected oversight ministries primacy lies satisfying Kooperationausschuss deliver casting shadow lxxxix xc “traditional inhouse delivery” internally xci formulated passed adapted least) incompatible begs question incompatibility rectifies (mostly indicators) pressures quasi-market “Actually modes: rule-oriented co-exist supported organisations” Summarizing opting-municipalities entity Overcoming dilemma efficient localised in-congruency decision inhibits solution ‘governance dilemma’” answer complicate things utilisation supporting helping translate reality formulating stretching serve bridgehead legitimacy indicates bureaucracy ran problems: court compromises thirdly masters difficulties overarching showed encapsulated aware initial phase holds devoted vulnerable probable prime Unlike ‘full municipalisation’ 27) traced 2001 centreright mention 1994 defining (Del Prado 45) sides: substantive (welfare-to-work) councils) (Hendeliowitz 69) stage discrepancy Thomas ‘compliance gaps’ 765) enthusiasm legitimate (Bredgaard remarkably commitment (2001: task reign hard-to-control ultimate goal ‘make pay’ work-first continued dichotomy obstacle 766) Municipal xcii delegated administrations (M-Ploy xciii two-tiered again paying department) Councils existed consist municipalities/regions/ministry Organisations Disabled People respective Authority tools implementing origin pre-2009 Ghent (31) sanctioned longer never kicks historically municipally 20-13: 233) See basically organised model: (Arbejdsløshedskassen) formally xciv ministers Pensions) xcv members xcvi xcvii technically Arbejdsløshedskassen state-owned features leaves disbursement specialised (section list Denmark) WestEuropean xcviii flat-rate jobseekers perspective liable xcix reimburses 30% persons currently 0% 30) ‘reimbursement model’ hardwires (Besharov 443) Section analyses Keep mind thoroughly interwoven connected active ci maps constellation human capital pre-2001 cii Minister priorities Those During deliberations (and ‘ensuring duties unemployed’ 20-21) compliance’ Bredgaard’s vision matter “For CV/contact interview months employability enhancement plan” ciii floors ceilings profiles launching trials projects aforementioned enforcement secured civ fight Limiting limits improper credentials re-apply reentering Minimal inhibit clientele executive parliament “the arm 767) statement legally contractually “to good centres” 21-22) circle discussing following-up calendar enhances (public) online portal publish cv businesses) covering cvi somewhere detached “manages employment-directed citizens: rehabilitees flex ” abide one-stop cvii menu whoever (intensive) ‘payment contract’ ‘continuous re-contracting’ ‘purchase clients’ 770; labour: handle everything disbursements Insurance Funds surrounding clarify purely 238) councils findings ultimately characterising thesis hindering pursues validated latest round regain strengthen structures policies” Compared decreased (process) brand Ministerial channel decision-making convert majority opted 49) agenda real-time really characterises (decentralisation) confirms Two jump out: institutionalised influences grants: forced exhibit priori policymaking refunds ‘real time’ cviii reliance lowest suitability outsource reviews pursue communicate cast delegate mal-performing two-pronged apparatus 93 jobcentre indicated too 42) welfare-to-work serious conceived accompanies practically feasible differentiate model) (activation) Nonetheless posing sizeable trying confirmation highly studied Already distinction sanctioning fail searching employment) culminating departure 2004 launched Conference September 2003 After parallel rounds discussion partners) cooperative Cooperation Agreement kind; onwards Belgium’s architecture Sixth Reform evolution w r t Agreements; devolves living means-tested elaborate competence Belgium: unions play intermediaries branch security managed Rijksdienst voor Arbeidsvoorziening (RVA)/Office de l’Emploi (ONEM) respects Second unrelated load inactive entitled (long-term) invalidity retirement pension Consequently big financially household medium- ‘unlimited duration’ qualification stipulate obligations: accepting ‘adequate offers’ being ready offer (These hold individuals; elderly excluded gradually Individuals article 80 regulation exclude ‘abnormally long’ lost hindsight mechanism brutal (exclusion prior work) selective (it sub-category women) (since incorporated strategy) replaced scope covers initially restricted under-50s) nuanced gradual sanctions) preventatively cix leefloon/revenue d’intégration sociale) plays residual Belgium; caseload marginal (compared unemployment) leefloon roughly 50/50 achievements facilitates (by support) organizes steer respect ‘local autonomy’ Whether consequential regions) discretion unclear laggard systematic conforming 1997 ‘preventative’ entrants regions; ‘curative’ (activating stock unemployed) disparate interpreted archetypal commit (supposed eventually sanction effort) impossible inform RVA/ONEM) apparently looking ‘transmit’ principles insurance; transmissions schizophrenic infamous above) non-benign interpretation stand-still pure placement interim entertain reputation sending ‘good motivated’ candidates companies Hence ‘test’ readiness (notably limited) detrimental credibility competitive argument rational contributed paradigm ‘positive’ endeavour removed explains RVA/ONEM predicament growing tension interregional tighter Flanders unfulfilled counsellors Flemish faced Walloon Despite inhibited forceful Wallonia region arguments indicating futile Data (limited) vis-à-vis suggested files ‘undeserving declined offers radically Politically idea accepted contribute viability retained organizing limitation continues (In abolition reinforced fundamental Practically instruments individuals) 34 (to implied organized face-to-face meeting schedule age older adequate counselling offers) judged invitation 12/16 (if unsatisfactory months; evaluation build-up commitments attached rigid straightjacket organize allows men heads households imposing harsh punitive stricto sensu definitive exclusions 2009-2011 (5906 cases) 2001-2003; temporary exclusions; 5640 preventative unsuccessful Cockx (2011a 2011b) momentum contraventions regulation: ensuing drive believe ‘undeserving’ nec plus ultra imbalance beginning 2000s came unacceptable Applying signal ‘institutional hazard’ (i level) encompasses categories sure jointly scheme: mining drastically fraud ‘catching-up process’ overall components persistent patterns remaining 35 regions); fuelled corrected unsustainable Simultaneously subsequent adjustments frameworks sufficiently fine-grained individuals: ‘clever’ conceal interrogated (who mediation level); undifferentiated examination cx sight devolving individuals’ exacerbate fitted success failure) revenues Meert debate) devolvement ‘financial incentive’ Implicitly negotiators seemed satisfied taxable ‘Sixth Reform’ embedded voted jury completeness vein modifications instance enlarged school leavers) shortened speeding viz-à-viz Obviously Implementing normative complied with) Notwithstanding continuity Agreements translation key long-standing offered reaching (depending individual) retraining (The observation Guidelines debate Gradually stringent recently Youth Guarantee reinvigorated future summarizes lesson following: perception counter constraining ‘reward’ detailed negotiations; disadvantages sub-optimal unchartered territory unifying Often workforce; counteracting multi-layering federalism; Whatever Counteracting Institutional confined Admittedly extreme: legislating remedied (rather measurement) (at case) Apart 37 divergences speedy investigating outlier activation; fortiori addition earmarked reduces level’s involvement complies sum positive fiscally 100% greatly widens window demands ALMP late leaning around 84-86) contribution (this equally) heightens proposed base-period contrasts enormous Attempts manage indeed construct tailor struggles 38 confirm copes Operational interventions lots erection Karlsruhe Länder-level prominence yields (U Boards) source advisory E(M)Uwide Creating mid-level helps bridging gap lacked similarity Its collaborate outsourced burdened (excessive) utilise deciding constituent inevitably interpret global unrealistic stakes misleading Next offset shortfalls Measuring alternative formulate sharing Dulliencxi attractive standpoint draws nonexistent (almost) (regular) recent twelve ‘short-term unemployment’ span emerge happens smaller disparity trends decade qualified ‘the sick man Europe’ performers medium-long ‘structural’ cxii ‘performance’ net receivers Without Our illustrates close-knit peculiar designed hardwired non-pecuniary links underestimated in) contested Also subsidised disincentives seekers EU-funded nationally vulnerability foster persist invest enabling rely display sustainable rejection exploration answers desirable develops Central struggled accordance Many challenging tried generates (e creaming) trade-off odds conundrum solved; 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Contemporary 24-34 Insurance: Strengthening Relationship Theory Perspectives 1-23 Bickerstaffe Mitchell Pensions Kingdom 616 Service: SeventyFive Years Matching Seekers Employers Education (SESER); Association (NASWA) (1999) Decentralising Challenges Dupper Income Support Five Years: Results Implementation Oakland CA: Bottom Up Streeck Competitive Solidarity: Rethinking “European Model MPIfG 99/8 (USDOL) (1988) White Paper: doleta gov/usworkforce/documents/misc/wpaper3 cfm Compensation: Washington: Division Legislation Provision Protection Unemployed ‘Active’ 39(1) 17-34 V Introduction: Society 7(3) 331–340 Solidariteit en verantwoordelijkheid staatshervorming Waarover gaat het? Waartoe dient Mimeo Wederkerigheid: niet vanzelfsprekend wel nodig Janssens Voor wat hoort De Bezige Bij 19-76 Revisited Brugge: Die Keure Union: Tough Nuts Crack Friends High-Level ‘Social Wegrich Coordination Practices Case Jobcentres OCOPS Package 5: Cohesion: Innovative silent revolution? ideas reinvention Socio-Economic 461–486 Source: *The light grey dark *Dullien mentions extra-ordinary 2; Sources: Definition (substance) inter-agency purchaser-provider split techniques reorganisation Dominant Sources  none original sources Regional Austria Romania Finland Greece Switserland Poland Hungary Norway Latvia France Slovenia (and/or assistance) Sweden Bulgaria Estonia Portugal Czech Republic Ireland Slovakia Budget Budgets Financing Client Organisation Personnel Staffing Outsourcing Collaboration partnerships (NPM MBO) (Federalism Regionalisation municipalisation) compilation (no shifting portion Shifting ‘determined envelope allocated spent Programmes consulted and/or strategies Setting standardisation (little IT entity) Combination (only systems) decides locally decide whom (limited benchmarking self-setting Type Description Output/process Vacancy Interventions Penetration off-flow Benefit (re-employment rates) Quality (duration earned income) Explanation Dumping Intentionally wrongly move Transferring Including rendering Satisfying referring substance Creaming Cherry picking easy-to-place disregarding non-random Short activating; Focussing prospects Neglecting altogether; suboptimal relieve Force Survey (http://stats oecd org) *Incidence proportion 0-12 Meaning 60% 40% uncovering converse (left axis) Harmonised Rate (right 49 contradictory? (implicitly) adaptability appreciation opposite argued easily: conversely completing adapting environment prima facie multitiered (chapter assume diverse keeps functional motivated gains commonplace assumptions functioning brief expose PES’s cost-effectively Articles Xavier helpful identified Mosley’s information: reasoned tune constituents prevalent (Greffe 32) Secondly: builds moves exploit assumption policymakers tailor-make client-base innovation: promotes fourth cites overcoming silos education stowed ore Centralised ill equipped overcome divisions easier join fifth themselves: accountability: centre sixth differences/cleavages openly non-functional Except his text neglects struggle stakeholders Partners) (2003: 34-39) author furthermore relieve: Greffe’s accommodating cleavages practical: differ geographical senses multifaceted rooted changing: tenures grow shorter grows volatile exact he/she developments motivation: reasonably explained earlier ahead lag relates systematically structurally Avoiding massive spells meticulous Again adequately seventh reason: eighth outdated: amended ‘changing partners’ comprehensive: adopt subsume promotion putting inclusion” categorises pairs named Political/pragmatic Budgetary Accommodating Particularities Changing (adapted author) Adopting Functional Tailor-made balancing Dutch upcoming healthcare childcare decentralisations acknowledge (political/pragmatic motivations) questionable Not pair 51 Greater Multifaceted Shorter tenures/Volatile driving decentralization intertwined Networks workgroups formed epistemic communities (Wieshaupt ‘European Heads Service’s’ (HoPES) Iceland Liechtenstein Switzerland chaired peer PARES World (WAPES) founded ILO Africa Americas Asia Pacific East Arabic benchmarking: technical 478) doubt played worldwide glance contradiction (overcoming silos) analogy Extending sustained ‘flexicurity’ predicated reach replacement EES OMC demonstrated capability comment incorporate contradictory Labour: Ensure Determine operation money insure Set necessary liability Hold drawn (benefits) (administration) (PES)cxiii Benefits (50%) (Any subdivision 2029) (duration) (levels) DOL: (7) §503 Requirement Substance Penalty Suspension Railroad Retirement Board7 Disclosure disclose (most programme) wage 1320b–7 recover DHHS Quarterly Provide DHUD Engage worker Profile Transfer rating businesses owned holding Several occupations railroad postal congruently (23) 3303 3304 USDOL deposited UTF ???) withdrawn refund erroneously specified denied anyone refuses vacant dispute hours substandard company union resign refrain joining bona fide Indian tribes non-profit schools colleges employ Payment educational permitted elect payable successive worked taking individual’s filed participates arrangements cancellation credits discharge work-connected misconduct receipt disqualifying 1970 pregnancy termination professional athlete seasons reasonable assurance resuming season begins alien unless authorized (including Wage request Families; Directory Hires interest advances indirectly equivalent state) state’s deducted withheld requests Reduced CFR 615 Part 660-667 (where UI) (financed states) reimbursed Levels Duration will/can 55 (max weeks) floor (state tribe leaders employees) expand exclusion Eligibility retrieving disclosure (unemployment information) Experience Extra profiling: ‘classification prospects’ seeking reserved specifications Federally (employment accounts) 15% children parents poverty Memorandum Understand (See delivery) reserve statewide receiving allocation formulas 20% (states approve) 80% reallotment reallocation Strict ‘provides aid needy parents’ ‘core’ ‘intensive’ ‘training’ ‘supportive’ ‘youth’ One-stop-shops Understanding Minimum ‘supportive services’ Broad Penalties engagement designates area(s) One-stop-shop elected Individual On-the-Job customized charitable religious Optional Responsibilities ‘training organising info secretary Predetermined Must advance Plan) Reporting (sub recipient Code Regulations title (5) #1 #2 Insured 5% Structural 120% 110% Reference Period Same 609 264 Amount 75% generally expend 75 contingency relative 263 to: her custodial parent adult caretaker pregnant woman) resources particular Each prepare biennial describing HHS for: Cash Child Educational self-sufficiency (except makes residents Certain 602 Outline family caretakers Restrict personal privacy Establish wedlock-pregnancies education/courses statutory rape extract Operate Certify consult Certification Indians equitable abuse screen violence Bureau Statistics (http://www bls gov/lau/) Eurostat (http://epp eurostat ec eu) 2006 608 200% minor Cooperating paternity assign Teenage attend school/training live adult-supervised (exceptions possible) Denial misrepresenting residence absent 666 110 Measure adults dislocated 19-21 Entry unsubsidised Retention entry Earnings (quality measure) Attainment recognized credential achievement skills secondary diploma occupational 14-18 Process/intermediate diplomas equivalents Placement retention postsecondary advanced military apprenticeships satisfaction indicator (quality) 126 24-25 59 arrows linkages County (USES) One-stopshop Private (ALG I) Basic levelcxiv Partial (Teilarbeitslosigkeit) Short-time (Kurzarbeit) Seasonal short-time (SaisonKurzarbeit) Redesign targeting mini-jobs start-up (Me-Inc ); deregulation temp-agency /TWA midi- mini-jobs) Reorganisation IV a) “basic jobseekers” b) tier System benefit): benefit; earnings-related I): assistance):earningsrelated assistance; tax-funded earningsrelated meanstested infinite Grundsicherung (Basic jobseekers) Consisting II): flat expiry supplement) working; Sozialgeld (social allowance) kids assistance): neu (Social permanently 236 (2012 Goal Core Additional Reducing Change inflow outflow ratio subsidized single-parents §54 §11 background (long-term disabled low-skilled) women non-subsidized immigrants §55 §282 Comparing Net histories contributions) (tax-funded) Earmarked Optionskommunen) (§11 282 Centrally Determined calculate precise delivers instigates maintains vouchers (third party) Beneficiaries seek Kooperationsausschus (Länder government) Länder) (Unemployment funds) designing: Monitoring: (division (kontanthjælp) ablebodied chapters 2-7 Control Measures Has Created appoints Appoints recommended Is conducts Pose Plans 64 tenders Sickness leave maternity Monitors Advises Provides documentation decisions Will poor performing can: appoint mandate Integration consulting Plan covers: execution dissemination department (integration standing (above) Prepare Communicate Develop Publish expense dealings Execute Advise matters Make recommendations experiments Minister’s announcement Monitor Involve Coordinate vocational Launch compensate foreclosures coordinate advise improvements orientated Fully Floors (calculation enact disburse priority Standardised lays nationwide Reimbursement Goals of: Policy: Costs rehabilitation confounds 74 Special Chapter 118 Housing 64-64a services) 10a 65% pursuant 18-24 health 12b aliens Employment) fulfilled 74a 234 Chapters (§ (1-3) interviews Assessment distance Follow 10-12 Information jobnet Claimants suspicion arisen contacted interviewed Obligation qualifications five days internships (chapters 10-12) services/offers physical mental description field Jobnet life justified Employment: capacity§ 1-5 materials 76-77 partnership 81a 73b upgrading hired subsidies disability 6-9 subsidy Mentoring 78-81 Travelling expenses 82 2(4) 70f Self-employment 70g Employer 71 Rotation temporarily 98a students 98c-g M-Ploy regionalized game… 2003-today design: constrained implementation: monitoring: (6th Reform) Design lump Sanctioning framework) (leefloon/ legislation) inconsequential ‘leefloners’ activated contention crystallised proposals: macro-economic harmonization instances implicit interrelated congruent preferable alliances intolerance 11-13) reform; necessitate reverse possible: reminiscent Anne named: deconcentration implementation) decentralised) (2004: 149-169) ‘Devolution’ synonym synonyms ‘managerial including: categorise ‘regional’ political-institutional ‘menu’ arrange sorts chosen reference factor institutionalising insurances ideological consideration endless pervasive confused Initially expanded 25% fully-fledged partake 4-6 applicable Code’s paragraphs 1321-1324 in: assigned program) ‘experience rating’” bandwidth ‘able available’ (20 vary weekly $555 Connecticut $240 Alabama inserted expired january 1st excluding TAA Struggling install 2141 (b) ‘actively work’ were: registered engaged maintained requested (g) effort’ (o)(8) comparable classes accustomed (without exception training) suspended weather calamities tangible numbers (51) disqualification grounds 2015: d-1 i-vi) (similar 601 Seq Paragraph 4-D workfare compliant 2019 2017 interpreting 2025 7517 1996) entitlement 394) overestimate excellent 607(d) specifies activities: employment; associated refurbishing publicly assisted housing) available; on-the-job training; (6) programmes; (8) (not individual); (9) certificate equivalence; (11) attendance equivalence completed certificate; (12) 607 varies within) comparability definitions scopes firstly facilitate match referrals test 661 250 designation xlii Pursuant 2821 legislature expert xliii 300 305 662 400 420 fulfil 200 230 representing trade association 315) 667 112 220 240 652 211-652 214 410 Wiseman $200 million expenditures” 287) “any innovative titles Carl Perkins Vocational Technical Act” 210) (expected) cumulative score experimented submitted kept confidential exacerbating metadata spectrum transferred 341-349 363-365 deficit (Ebbinghaus 2007:35-36) 280-283 367-370 147-148 89 129 149-154 118-121 155-160 19-20 (based Art constitution) conform 22a 22b 22c Miscellaneous include: minors disabilities interpersonal debt psychological addiction §16a) 22a-c MISSOC comparative database (2004-05-01) [checked: 15-05-2013] 20-23 §15 Originally ‘Job Centers’ 44b SGBII §6(3) 6a 6-6d 367 368 Bundesverfassungsgericht 20/12/2007 48-48b quantifiable reducing support; preventing dependence benefits; improving re-integration (Wegrich occupy SGBIII “Since [Hartz] most” 24) (either 16(2) (psychological ‘starting allowance’ 44c 44d 44b(3) §47 §48 47(1) disagreement kooperationausschuss 44e auditors checks 271 merged 98 reorganised (upscaling merging) rekindle dreams 766-768) (re)integration (uninsured (insured 5-12 14-15 76-78 55) 25-26) §99 §100 Act) regulates deterrence www Jobindsats dk (§59) certified b encouraged note deployed sufficiently) ‘stock’ replacing art ‘division labour’: ‘facts’ transmit (on ‘first-hand’ authority) cxi whichever prefer figures LFS statistics cxiii separately stream (Balducchi &Pasternak cxiv giving 2008:27) Copyright © @ author(s) papers draft distributed reproduced permission copyright holder Copies