The Active Welfare State: A European Ambition


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MINISTERIE VAN FINANCIE – BELGIE 61′ jaargang nr 3 mei-juni 2001 D O C U M E N T A I B L THE ACTIVE WELFARE STATE : EUROPEAN AMBITION Speech at the “Commission for Social Development” of United Nations Fra nk VANDENBROUCKE Minister Affairs and Pensions Belgium ew York 13 Febmary 1. COMMON CHALLENGES FOR SOCIAL POLICY IN UNION series major demographic economic social changes over past 20-25 years across European Union have profom1d implications protec­ tion systems will conti nue to do so in future yea rs According 1997 (1) 1999 (2) Eu ropean Commi ssion Reports on Protection four trends are particular importance: l ) First ageing po1mlation all Member States prospective i ncrease rate growth number elderly people from 20 10 onwards The largest expansion be of75 who tend greater demands towards pension health care services At a time when increased female participation workforce is likely reduce available pool ofunpaid family carers demand long-term increase markedly fa lli ng birth many also causes decline working age thus potentiall y underminin g financing capacity system 2) Secondly changing gender balance growing women labour force which has been accompanied by increasing support both child with disabilities aswell as infirm This evolution puts issues importance ensuring equality opportunity men forefront national political agendas 3) Thirdly persistence high unemployment low \YOrkforce especially among older workers trend toward s earlier retirement 4) Finally munber households average size (or other words rise living their own) \Yith no one work made it more difficult provide su1>port within increases availability income peopl e not paid employment We may adopt neutral attitude these facts themselves even positive some them But they require systematic adjustments welfare state’s architecture ( COMMI SSION OF CO:Vt MUN ITIES Socwl Protect1on 111 Europe Luxembourg Oflice Official Publication Commu nit es 1998 160 p COMM ISSION EU ROPEAN CO’ ! IUNITIES Protectwn Ollice Oflicia Publications Europea n Communities 2000 124 5 An population means that resources spent essentially traditional areas security notably pensions sickness insurance same gives new risk: long-tenn dependency an ageof individualisation Chronic illnesses such Alzheimer ’s disease gradually playing larger part inequality between those affected conditions aren’t dramatic feminisation market itself development Yet this pushes objective further beyond our reach Full was understood most countries full mainly associated male breadwinner model operated states When we target today mean menand Even if tha ever before participate (which case contrary popular belief) become far attain rendered state only req uire lot effort than Some tasks added too does adequately meet needs combining life training Neither t answer poverty due yet unfinished emancipation pl us -a nd devoid importance-the asyet incomplete withi clearly risk having manage alone changeover post-industrial society goes problems problem confronted significa ntly higher exclusion inadequate schooling phenomenon because refers statistical ten11S predictable ln matter armoury solutions fails Exclusion caused either advanced accident or illness nor tempora ry fluctuation business cycle main cause “new requi rements turn productive into disabled people’· (3) In cases raditional offers benefits but way out material comfort offer opportunities short ambitions re co-exist challenges If look composite measure strain mature already experience use simple ratios ratio non-working active 1970 employed livi benefit 2: 1 Today shifted Greatly simplified can say halfof half J DONZELOT “L ‘avemr du ” Esprit March 1996 pp 58-81 6 indicator course refinin image fixed group ‘payers ·is poised against ‘recipients ‘ misleading shift position back categories Nevertheless dependence must stopped frequenlly quoted reason sustainability protection coming under undue pressure That certainly trne Let me quote important conclusion drawn recently L11e Conunission its projections Europe: “fa J)anding would help alleviate fimding least much refonn arrangements per se” (4) real issue significant worki (especially actively seeking work) there another why give fundamental questions: lesser extent n1lnerability Part vulnerability cannot avoided Another avoidable though hence reduced latter mea ns denied partici pate There arc still indicators showing today” reduction characterised my country 70s 80s ground halt faced wil11 patients experienci financial difficulties embarrassing policy choices longer match possibiliti Belgian government coined expression summarise challenge: wa nt ransform “active state” poi nts two different ideas: goal rate: ‘Ye achieve without giving up old ambition adequate EUROPE <\ "!\/ COMJ\ !UNITI ES Office Conununiti 30 2. FROM CONVERGENCE IDEAS ON EMPLOYMENT­ CENTRED REFORM govermnent approach instance Europe-wide convergence views what sometimes called "employment-centred refonn" Notwithstanding instih1tional cult1ual backgrou nds notwithstanding wide variety think safely makers agree following general guidelines reform ": 1) Welfare key Moreover natme changed --Full employment" conceived underlyin traditiona concepts challenge It points need rethink certai aspects distribution individuals spontaneously emerges Thewelfare should cover risks aswe traditionally defined (unemployment disability age) (lack skills causing poor single parenthood) respond (namely reconcile education able negotiate workplace one's entire cycle) sense predominantly passive institution result bad outcome then safety net spread various institutions intelligent \velfare preventive As corollary stressed engage "social spending" investment" (e education) Personally like emphasise here investment substitute spending idea replace unreal given live agei dependent come cheap tl1e nm During nineties consensus policies agenda upgraded quantity quality tailoring effectively individual situations Active presuppose correct obligations incentives involved Hence taxes lead situation indi iduals th ei r milies) face very marginal tax rates thei hours wages take job "Poverty traps" '·unemploy ment raps"- discomagi low-skilled taki upjobs characterise selective welfa universal wel differing degree Activa ion keyword therefore necessary subsidise low-skill ed topping ·pay and/or selectively subsidising employers combi ned wi h decent mi ni mtun More generally mechanisms current ocial securi ty discourage ratl1er encourage hould d isca rded possible 5) Such fare environment based upon competi tive sector exposed nternational competition private service less \Yhi ch 10\r-ski lied find newjo b-opportuni ties Continental typically lags behi de\'elopment Wage subsidies ca lso inst ru mental tlrn respect Wit hout his kind politica process set motion Luxembou rg Job u m di fficul (see below section he reasons thed iscussion National Action Planson Employment elaboration ropea Guideli nes Policie turned substa ive exercise contra \\·h sceptics might feared 3. TOWA RDS VIEWS EURO­ PEA MODEL? Of cour comprehensive view enta ls five point sted requires horough discussion cine focus pen ions broad perspective ensures long­ sta nding objectives fully taken nto accou prepa On debate often conducted one- ided manner focusing ensuri fina ncial sustai nabi ity equally related posi impact Notably context debates about relative strengths weaknesses publ ic pay-as-you-go versus privately managed funded Peter Orszag Joseph Stiglitz rightly emphasised "we keep mind OUT ultimate objective" (5) Ideological discussions public indeed distract attention truly relevant question precisel insight allowed gain momentum make simultaneous progress three domains: thorough modernisation fight generation efficiently: creation reserve so-called "Silver Fund" safeguard first pillar (a guarantee everyone access pension) Silver Fund budgeta device (one "disciplinary" device) uses earmarked debt build absorb acceleration expenditure baby-boomers pensioners democratisation second 1>illar rather underdeveloped compa rison legislation introduced Pa rliament shortly supplementa via ‘social funds privilege ma ny few Pension plans offered company ll criteria supportive regime (and moreover transparancy regard strategy publish whether pursue Socially Responsible Investment) forward robust sectoral entrenched existing collective bargaining believe how safcgliard n-built solidarities: develop supplementary complementary structure well Lisbon Summit (March 2000) put fim1ly adva ncing priori co-operation field govern organ ise Presidency year wants carry fonvard trying establish common P ORSZAG en STIGLITZ (1999) “‘Rethrnkrng Reform: Ten Myths About Sec11nty Systems”‘ paper presented Conference “‘ Tew Ideas Old Age Security” World Bank Washington September 14-15 defining start 10″principles objectives’· Commission hasproposed last Communicat “Safe Sustainable Pensions” revolve arotmd adequacy intergenerational fairness solidarity etc (6) Itis decide want ensure finai1cial fundainental share Clearly ifwe succeed defi tangible 4 DUA BENCHM ARK SOCIA MODEL: PARTICIPATION AND LOW POVERTY Earlier said rate; Indeed promoting Consider graph ai1d (7) 25 + USA Q) Italy UK “@ >- Australia+ +Canada t::’ France Germany 0 • Cl Netherlan•ds Sweden Belgi Finland• Denmark 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Participation (6 COMMISSION COMMUNITIES Futu Evolution Long-Term Point View Safe COM(2000) 622 11 October 20p Source: MAR “X Low Pay Po\·erty OECD Countries”‘ Au dit winter automatically imply US see continental By contrast Demnark reconciling extensive participa relation (activation) levels (social protection) “if (employment) (no poverty)'” mutually exclusive rela “either poverty)” “and-and’ ‘: aim promotion considerations lies heart governments · plea complementing cormnon Just where explicit clear agreed targets forwarded after peer review leads exami ne learn best practices around Itwould whereby takes competencies ·’Best practices” iterally What area establishment “”standards excellence'” standards mediocrity benchmarks essential commit excellence battle systematically exchange information fighting Although isby benchmark conceivable Ido fact exists “iron law policy”: credible commitment combat presupposes firm fully-fledged state: finn itspreservation continuous adaptation define -the formally proposed January being direction methodology PROMISE METHODOLOGY mentioned emergence « -centred » Transforming action easy post-Th atcher brought thinking did everybody ready act together Not were differences every had built own divergent constitutional fear rules dictated Brussels whose burdens member So any headway tread lightly And exactly doing open co-ordination method fi rst element decided (Luxembourg 1997) broader (Nice quite precise whereas others qualitative revised possibil concrete quantitative terms timing ··excellent standard reached ··This ··benchmarkin left choice Every present plan effect These pla reviewed ·· peer-review To reinforce call involvement trade unions creating famous Dutch Wassenaar agreement (1982) taught dialogue condition introduction \Velfa partners responsibility lend knmvledge Where inclusion stake tl1enon-governmental organisations soft merit forget roads hard-law remain valuable outset wrote Treaties ham1onisation could achieved regulation taking fonn minimum nonns Because frequent unani mity requirement however road harmonisation always disregarded met solely relate internal trans- character companies citizen mobil They free movement persons (including indispensable ial sti long go Regulation 1408/71 aims migrants rights urgent sunplification extension) cohesion (structural funds) international (workers’ multinationals enterprises transferred) include minimal prevent dumping organisation pa rt-ti employees measmes aimed shares advisable Obviously category finds foundation justifica­ Treaty illustrated examples equal non-discri mination Much areas- realises Unfortuna tely Nice injecting Qualified Majority Voting AGENDA rope ? summing purpose Luxem bou 11rocess (October bring accepted headi ngs i. Increasing labour-market Specific indicated school-leavers months ii innovating entrepreneurship iii flexibility iv chance Second whole modernisi got impetus Council Over w”hich strengthened quantifying overall C0tmcil \\ider council stipulated marked % 2010 %-threshold crossed (These reinforced intentions Swedish intermediate 2005 (56% 66 men) ii. “Steps decisive eradication setting end Policies combating initiative iii. cooperation ro1lean (December heads State approved six strategic orientations constituting agenda: better jobs finding discri iv. v. bet\veen vi. integrating om foreign just mention ; rerun described elsewhere stress recogn mto rei nforcing worked hard complement Luxembour proce conrn1on For side coin minted bourg Withi gave pa1iicular objec tives particul arly dear add mbomg dimensions Fi hting discrimination fore­ invited priorities framework thefollowing objectives: facilitateparticipation goods services; vulnerabl mobilise bodies specified detail refer housing scope ojectives surprising multid imensional feature recognised throughout dealing probl em tL impossible monitor withou comparable outcomes complex sensitive Fortuna hereto scratch Recently \Vith (the quintile ratio): line (before socia transfers) jobless regional disparities amount early school leavers (8) appropriate needed States’ developments Achieving shared linking (More TO\;vards Policy turning principles effective http ://www va ndenbroucke fgov be/T-00 l11 htm) Following Conclusions each Plan including descrirtion (nationally determi ned) follow-up methods June 200 basis analysis Plans hope summer Open Method Co-ordination really get vay Drawing conclusions feasible priority secu rity rticular argued long-standi account high-level officials created Olli ttee sufficiently visible counter veight narrower perspectives vise dominate endeavour Given currently undertaken Committee during Presidencies Our domain established namely thi \Viii enable equilateral triangle »(9) history Communication commissio Stmctural 1nd1cators COM(2000 594 27 75p (9) concept ··European triangle’·was introdu ced Anna Diamantopoul ou Commissioner She used addressing Parliament gust

Presentatie VVSG, Vereniging van Vlaamse Steden en Gemeenten


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2017-10-12_Presentatie_VVSG

Sociale kwetsbaarheid: een lokale zorg Frank Vandenbroucke VVSG Trefdag Gent 12 oktober 2017 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% EU27 2004-06 BE 2011-14 NL 0% ZHWI HWI MWI LWI ZLWI Werkintensiteit van het huishouden (van zeer hoog naar laag) Uitkeringen / gemiddelde inkomens Werk aan de onderkant Migratie… Gezinstypes drukt op arbeidsmarkt… – interne vs externe migratie samen met doorgeschoten flexibilisering detachering vermindert bereidheid tot herverdelen? 7 004-06 011-14 Aandeel mensen (beneden 60) in werk-arm 2014 16% Huishoudens lage werkintensiteit 14% 12% EU 8% DE 6% FR 4% 2% Bron: SILC 2015 35% 25% 15% 5% BE-L DE-L FR-L NL-L BE-M DE-M FR-M NL-M BE-H DE-H FR-H NL-H Laaggeschoold Middelgeschoold Hooggeschoold • Wie zijn deze wat hun kansen? Kansarmoede Kind en Gezin 14 10 8 6 4 2 0 Drie historische beleidslijnen sinds 2003-2004 – Activering Structurele lastenvermindering doelgroepkortingen Dienstencheques Een stille revolutie: sterk groeiend aandeel bijstand onze sociale bescherming door… Migratie werkloosheid laaggeschoolden Individualisering Verbreding toegang bestaansminimum/leefloon Studiefinanciering Werkloosheidsreglementering Problemen Non-take up Hoogte uitkeringen Duurzame uitstroom Bijstand wederkerigheid integratie rijke opvatting over activering is nodig Lokale netwerking ‘leren elkaar’ Kansen werk voor weinig scholing: nieuwe beleidsimpuls Doelgroepenbeleid 25-54 Personen arbeidshandicap Langdurig werklozen Toekomst economie buurtdiensten…? Tijdelijke Werkervaring? PWA Wijk-werken? Groeipad economie? Zorg aanvullende thuiszorg + onderwijs: aansluiting onderwijs-arbeidsmarkt scholen-VDAB functies ontbinden (job carving) Kinderopvang Onderwijs ongelijkheid beleid: Belgische Case Christen-democratische reflecties jg nr 1 maart 2016 De Wilde Cantillon Bie 40 jaar OCMW Leuven; Acco Publicaties: www frankvandenbroucke uva nl

Presentatie Turnhout


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Presentatie_Turnhout_9.10.2017

Armoede en ongelijkheid: een Europees lokaal perspectief Frank Vandenbroucke Turnhout Wetenschapscafé 9 oktober 2017 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 65+ 2007 (grens 2007) 2014 2014) DK FI SI SE CY NL DE AUT FR CZ BE SK EE HU IE LV MT LU PT LT UK GR PL IT SP BG RO <18 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% EU27 2004-06 2011-14 0% ZHWI HWI MWI LWI ZLWI Uitkeringen / gemiddelde inkomens Werk aan de onderkant Migratie… Gezinstypes drukt op arbeidsmarkt… - interne vs externe migratie samen met doorgeschoten flexibilisering detachering vermindert bereidheid tot herverdelen? 7 004-06 011-14 Aandeel mensen (beneden 60) in zeer werk-arm huishouden 16% Huishoudens lage werkintensiteit 14% 12% EU 8% 6% 4% 2% Bron: SILC 2015 35% 25% 15% 5% BE-L DE-L FR-L NL-L BE-M DE-M FR-M NL-M BE-H DE-H FR-H NL-H Laaggeschoold Middelgeschoold Hooggeschoold • Wie zijn deze wat hun kansen? Drie historische beleidslijnen sinds 2003-2004 – Activering Structurele lastenvermindering doelgroepkortingen Dienstencheques Kansen werk voor weinig scholing: nieuwe beleidsimpuls is nodig Doelgroepenbeleid 25-54 Personen arbeidshandicap Langdurig werklozen Toekomst van sociale economie buurtdiensten…? Tijdelijke Werkervaring? PWA Wijk-werken? Groeipad economie? Zorg aanvullende thuiszorg + onderwijs: aansluiting onderwijs-arbeidsmarkt scholen-VDAB functies ontbinden (job carving) bescherming het gezinsbudget Kinderopvang Onderwijs Een Europese Sociale Unie: ondersteunt nationale welvaartsstaten sommige sleutelfuncties (op systeemniveau bv stabilisatie handhaving minimumlonen belastingconcurrentie…) oriënteert ontwikkeling algemene standaarden doelstellingen waarbij keuze ‘ways and means’ bij lidstaten ligt; basis operationele definitie model Solidariteit binnen tussen ongelijkheid beleid: Belgische Case Christen-democratische reflecties jg 4 nr 1 maart 2016 Publicaties: www frankvandenbroucke uva nl

Presentation EISS Conference


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2017-09-29_Vandenbroucke_Presentation_EISS_Amsterdam

Centralization decentralization and the division of responsibilities in social policy: a European perspective Frank Vandenbroucke University Amsterdam EISS Conference 29 9 2017 • A case for centralisation? Unemployment insurance monetary union problem ‘institutional moral hazard’ Freedom movement vulnerable citizens: which labour EU? Why are stabilization instruments centralized unions? – Risk sharing (pooling) Externalities (vaccination) Vaccination: compulsory (minimum requirements) subsidized (re-insurance) Minimum requirements an effective stabilisation capacity: sufficiently generous unemployment benefits notably short-term; sufficient coverage rates benefit schemes; no market segmentation that leaves part force poorly insured; proliferation employment relations not integrated into insurance; activation unemployed individuals; budgetary buffers good times so automatic stabilisers can do their work bad These principles become fortiori imperative if Eurozone would be equipped with re-insurance national systems: institutional hazard Re-insurance schemes The European/US paradox Obsession makes it impossible to reap Experiences multi-tiered welfare states: incentives (design) minimum Design features mitigate model Relative deviations short-term from historical record Large shocks Experience rating claw-back mechanisms requirements: cf Youth Guarantee Pillar Social Rights In 1990s reform was justified by advent EMU: supply-side flexibility ‘enabling’ policies Today we need broader approach : EMU requires consensus on institutions support ‘stability’ ‘symmetry’ Therefore ‘protective’ collective action order Enabling protective mutually reinforcing creating resilient systems Symmetry: member states deliver wage coordination; this excludes totally decentralised uncoordinated bargaining Institutions monitor competitiveness should embedded dialogue distributive concerns mainstreamed monitoring Four questions: 1) How justify free movement? 2) non-discriminatory access those who move? 3) difference between active non- citizens application (1) (2)? 4) Who is responsible non-active citizens? as matter fairness: Equality opportunities across EU ‘Posting’ workers both needed Single Market Non-discrimination: competition different one territory No denying tensions but ‘balancing act’ possible Viking & Laval Posted Workers Directive (Feenstra) Active / non-active: earned citizenship positive reading ‘earned citizenship’ there duty adequately protect Robust defense idea needs posting fairness Reform Improvements mobile Adequate regulation importance security all next slide Rights: important initiative made operational (legislative financial policy coordination instruments) Priority areas capacity successful integration migrant workers: – Access protection Quality Universality regimes income protection: Upward convergence supporting view eventual organization scheme (‘vaccination metaphor’) Union systemic level some key functions (e g fair corporate taxation ) guide substantive development via general standards objectives leaving ways means Member States basis definition ‘the model’ European countries cooperate explicit purpose pursuing pan-European cohesion (reconnecting founding fathers’ inspiration) Resources On concept ESU: Barnard De Baere after Crisis CUP Therein: see chapter Feenstra posted workers… Reduction Sharing Moral Hazard: Vaccination Metaphor Intereconomics Vol 52 May/June Number 3 pp 154-159 non-discrimination: speak non-mobile EUDO/GlOBALCIT forum ‘Should duty-free?’ http://eudo- eu/commentaries/citizenship-forum/citizenship-forum-cat/1852- should-eu-citizenship-be-duty-free?showall=&start=3 Basic Union: conundrum rather than solution ACCESS EUROPE Research Paper 2017/02 01 August (http://ssrn com/abstract=3008621) www frankvandenbroucke uva nl

A European Social Union after the Crisis


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2017-09-28_presentation-book-CUP_Leuven-final

A European Social Union after the Crisis Book launch 28 September 2017 book Presentation of edited by Frank Vandenbroucke Catherine Barnard and Geert De Baere Metaforum interdisciplinary think-tank for societal debate University Amsterdam KU Leuven 9 • There is a social corollary to monetary unification: it function well EMU requires basic consensus on some key features member states’ model Single Market: Market needs dimension However don’t overstretch functionalist arguments: what ‘needed’ because unification/the depends fundamental aspirations that drive project at large call conceptual clarity: ≠ Welfare State Shared Functional arguments Legal constellation Why are stabilization instruments centralized in unions? – Risk sharing (pooling) Externalities (vaccination) As with vaccination: compulsory (minimum requirements) subsidized (re- insurance) Minimum requirements an effective stabilisation capacity: sufficiently generous unemployment benefits notably short-term; sufficient coverage rates benefit schemes; no labour market segmentation leaves part force poorly insured; proliferation employment relations not integrated into insurance; activation unemployed individuals; budgetary buffers good times so automatic stabilisers can do their work bad These principles become fortiori imperative if Eurozone would be equipped reinsurance national insurance systems In 1990s reform was justified advent focus supply-side flexibility ‘enabling’ policies The flexibility-symmetry argument revisited: types shocks institutions support stability (and economic symmetry) Therefore ‘protective’ collective action order Enabling protective mutually reinforcing creating resilient Symmetry: states need deliver wage coordination; totally decentralised uncoordinated bargaining fit this purpose both ‘posting’ free movement workers non-discrimination) as matter fairness ‘balancing act’ between domestic cohesion possible (Viking Laval judgments) Reform Posted Workers Directive: compromise needed National minimum regimes should transparent predictable universal Migration creates less pressure adequately regulated markets: hence importance dialogue access security all ‘bal move Fair mobility Refor ed Nation welfare systemic level functions (e g fair corporate taxation) guide substantive development via general standards objectives leaving ways means policy Member States basis operational definition ‘the model’ European countries cooperate union explicit pursuing pan-European (reconnecting founding fathers’ inspiration) Reconnecting aspiration: upward convergence & performance Pillar Rights: important initiative but relation ends clarified Priority areas… – Access protection Quality Universality Collective investment How? dialogue: views actors Semester: EU’s agreements legal politics legislative Brexit ‘Not just about better widgets’ Advocate General Eleanor Sharpston Court Justice Round table Steven Van Hecke Valerio Stefano moderator: Martin Sandbu Financial Times Keynote Marianne Thyssen followed interview

Lezing Directieseminarie Emmaüs


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2017-09-27_Presentatie_Emmaüs_Antwerpen

Sociale uitsluiting en sociale onzekerheid: hoe ver reikt onze ambitie? Frank Vandenbroucke Lezing Directieseminarie Emmaüs Antwerpen 27 september 2017 Structuur • (arbeidsmarkt) onzekerheid (pensioendebat) Uitsluiting: opleiding armoederisico 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% BE-L DE-L FR-L NL-L BE-M DE-M FR-M NL-M BE-H DE-H FR-H NL-H Laaggeschoold Middelgeschoold Hooggeschoold Aandeel mensen (beneden 60) in een zeer werk-arm huishouden 2014 16% Huishoudens met lage werkintensiteit 14% 12% EU BE 8% DE 6% FR 4% NL 2% Bron: SILC 2015 Individuele werkloosheid huishoudwerkloosheid Polarisatie => ‘verwachte huishoudwerkloosheid’ – veronderstelling: jobs zijn random verdeeld over huishoudens verwachte hangt af van de grootte huishoudens: alle = alleenstaanden: individuele koppels: huishoud (individuele werkloosheid) * geobserveerde Niveaus polarisatie (Figuur 4 Corluy & Vandenbroucke) Verklaringen voor het verschil tussen België andere landen Alleenstaanden: Alleenstaanden hebben zwakker individueel profiel (geslacht leeftijd herkomst woonplaats) De werkloosheidskloof sterke zwakke profielen is groter dan Koppels: Meer homogamie BE? Laaggeschoolde Vlaanderen: werkzaamheid 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 25-64 25-49 50-64 Middelgeschoolde Hooggeschoolde Wie deze wat hun kansen? Drie historische beleidslijnen sinds 2003-2004 Activering Structurele lastenvermindering doelgroepkortingen Dienstencheques Bijdragepercentages functie kwartaalloon (actuele situatie) Bijdrage% Basisbijdrage % doelgroep (1000) Verhouding ‘lageloongrens’ brutominimumloon federale RSZ NAR Federaal akkoord ‘tax shift’: bijdragepercentages situatie 2019) 2019 Evolutie lastenverminderingen hoge lonen RSZ; 2014: gemiddelde eerste twee kwartalen Bijdrage dienstencheques werkgelegenheid (op basis scholingsniveau) Ca 1/5de laaggeschoolde vrouwen die werken CRB (25-64) zorgjobs (isco 513) schoonmaakjobs 913) 7% zorg (513) schoonmaak (913) 3% Nederland 1% Een nieuwe beleidsimpuls nodig maar… Doelgroepenbeleid 25-54 Personen arbeidshandicap Langdurig werklozen Toekomst economie buurtdiensten…? Tijdelijke Werkervaring? PWA Wijk-werken? Groeipad economie? Zorg aanvullende thuiszorg + onderwijs: aansluiting onderwijs-arbeidsmarkt scholen-VDAB functies ontbinden (job carving) Onzekerheid: pensioendebat Commissie Pensioenhervorming 2020-2040 (juni 2014) Consensus Geen alarmisme … wel grondige structurele hervorming zekerheid bieden Verandering pensioen-uitkeringsratio incl private pensioenen ( ) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Uitkeringsratio 2013 Het contract: intergenerationele risicodeling Pensioenen onzekerheden omzetten zekerheden Opties Defined benefit (vaste prestatie) contribution bijdrage) ambition (stabiele verhouding) Fixeer… Pensioen Bijdragevoet (netto) pensioen- uitkeringsratio Economisch risico Gedeeld Demografisch Risico actieven gepensioneerden sociaal contract zonder maatschappelijk compromis draagvlak Bronnen m b t ongelijkheid arbeidsmarkt F beleid: Belgische Case Christen-democratische reflecties jg nr 1 maart 2016 V (2015) werk Leuvense Economische Standpunten 2015/149 Faculteit Bedrijfswetenschappen-CES KULeuven Dienstencheques: vraagstuk erkenning S&D Jaargang 72 nummer Februari pp 32-41 statistische bijlage op website M Dejemeppe B Van der Linden Réduction des cotisations patronales: tout miser sur les bas salaires Regards Economiques Octobre European Commission The Ageing Report Economy 3/2015 www pensioen2040 belgie be Schokkaert Devolder Hindriks Towards an equitable and sustainable points system A proposal for pension reform Belgium Discussion Paper Series 17 03 Department of Economics February pensioen punten: naar nieuw jongeren ouderen 2017/162 Economie Bedrijfswetenschappen Alle publicaties: frankvandenbroucke uva nl

‘BREXIT’ 15 months on – socio-legal perspectives for the EU and Europe


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2017-09-23_Vandenbroucke_Presentation_Belfast_European-Social-Union

The perspective of a European Social Union Frank Vandenbroucke University Amsterdam ‘BREXIT’ 15 months on – socio-legal perspectives for the EU and Europe Queen’s Belfast 23 9 2017 • There is social corollary to monetary unification: in order function well EMU requires basic consensus some key features member states’ model Single Market: it needs dimension However one should not overstretch functionalist arguments: what ‘needed’ because unification/the Market depends fundamental aspirations that drive project at large A call conceptual clarity: ≠ Welfare State Why are stabilization instruments centralized unions? Risk sharing (pooling) Externalities (vaccination) Vaccination: compulsory (minimum requirements) subsidized (re-insurance) Minimum requirements an effective stabilisation capacity: sufficiently generous unemployment benefits notably short-term; sufficient coverage rates benefit schemes; no labour market segmentation leaves part force poorly insured; proliferation employment relations integrated into insurance; activation unemployed individuals; budgetary buffers good times so automatic stabilisers can do their work bad These principles become fortiori imperative if Eurozone would be equipped with reinsurance national insurance systems In 1990s reform was justified by advent EMU: supply-side flexibility ‘enabling’ policies Today we need broader approach : institutions support ‘stability’ ‘symmetry’ Therefore collective action ‘protective’ Enabling protective mutually reinforcing creating resilient Symmetry: states deliver wage coordination; this excludes totally decentralised uncoordinated bargaining Institutions monitor competitiveness embedded dialogue distributive concerns mainstreamed monitoring both ‘posting’ free movement workers (and non-discrimination) as matter fairness ‘balancing act’ between domestic cohesion possible (Viking Laval judgments) Reform Posted Workers Directive: compromise needed National minimum regimes transparent predictable universal Migration creates less pressure adequately regulated markets: hence importance access security all welfare systemic level functions (e g fair corporate taxation ) guide substantive development via general standards objectives leaving ways means policy Member States basis operational definition ‘the model’ Þ European countries cooperate union explicit purpose pursuing pan-European (reconnecting founding fathers’ inspiration) Robust defense idea non-discriminatory posting Directive Improvements mobile citizens Adequate regulation cf next slide practical agenda (II): Upward convergence & performance Pillar Rights: important initiative but made (legislative financial coordination instruments) Priority areas capacity successful integration migrant workers: – Access protection Quality Universality supporting view eventual organization re-insurance scheme (‘vaccination metaphor’) [Wage Eurozone: ‘symmetrical’ linked ‘national conversations’ functional distribution incomes?] Revisit 2013 Investment Package Enhance investment human capital (child care education) Semester (CSR’s) create leeway implement such CSR’s fiscal surveillance On concept ESU: Barnard De Baere after Crisis CUP convergence: Structural versus competition: limits diversity Economic Monetary ECFIN discussion paper 065 Commission Directorate-General Financial Affairs Brussels 20 July (http://ssrn com/abstract=3011847) non-discrimination: Basic income Union: conundrum rather than solution ACCESS EUROPE Research Paper 2017/02 01 August com/abstract=3008621) Practical agenda: Fernandes Making reality Notre Jacques Delors Institute Tribune Viewpoint Paris 31 May (http://www institutdelors eu/media/socialeurope- fernandesvandenbroucke-may2017 pdf?pdf=ok) www frankvandenbroucke uva nl

La politique des pensions prend une tournure dangereuse


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La politique des pensions prend une tournure dangereuse Opinion publiée dans : De Standaard et Le Soir 4 11 2016 Tekst ondertekend door alle leden van de Academische Raad die regering is ingesteld ter opvolging Commissie Pensioenhervorming 2020-2040: Jacques Boulet; Bea Cantillon; Pierre Devolder; Etienne Callataÿ; Jean Hindriks; Ria Janvier; Françoise Masai; Gabriel Perl; Erik Schokkaert; Yves Stevens; Frank Vandenbroucke; Elly Van Velde gouvernement a pris mesures pour améliorer la soutenabilité financière du système pension L’augmentation l’âge légale à 67 ans en 2030 est plus controversée Une telle augmentation vraisemblablement inévitable terme mais elle devrait faire partie d’un ensemble large réformes Pour obtenir un soutien l’opinion publique on expliquer ce que cette apporte quels objectifs permet d’atteindre Nous avons plaidé contrat social robuste autour premier pilier laquelle chacun tenu participer d’une part il faut s’accorder sur ambitions sociales claires ; d’autre mécanismes d’adaptation doivent être fixés sorte ces puissent effectivement concrétisées Allonger les carrières principe le mécanisme évident n’est pas seul L’idée clé rapport 2014 Commission réforme selon sociaux d’abord devant stabilisé base (à l’aide points) n’a malheureusement été reprise jusqu’à présent [SUGGESTION DE SOUS-TITRE] Des complémentaires sûres ont sens Il bon qu’un soit complété par second basé constitution d’actifs Parmi projets prévus figure l’idée d’instaurer travailleurs salariés possibilité se constituer individuellement complémentaire deuxième Les détermineraient librement montant qu’ils seraient prêts verser contexte avantages fiscaux mêmes ceux applicables aux cotisations personnelles versées instaurées l’employeur Cette piste d’individualisation nous semble non seulement contradiction avec vrai développement aussi Que indépendants constituent individuelle logique veuille rendre possible côté l’Engagement Individuel Pension auquel accès qui travaillent personne morale formule similaire Ce faisant doit néanmoins veiller soient suffisamment protégés actuel intègre d’importantes garanties exemple termes rendement S’agissant cela signifie au moins retrouver capital investi Dans monde placements individuels assurances l’autorité n’impose garantie banques sont soumises série d’obligations destinées protéger consommateur individuel existe demeurant risque nouvelle tombe entre deux chaises ni minimum protection vigilance toute particulière porter différentes ne veut verserait choix salarié salaire plan Ici vaut lieu même avertissement si l’on prévoit toutes protections existent s’agit particulièrement risquée dont outre champ d’application pose problème d’accroître inégalités En effet réservé entreprises disposant encore comment décident quand jour créer ? dire d’entreprises auraient niveau très faible n’auraient droit alors versements libres Si contre ouvert tous l’objectif d’extension grand nombre rencontré risquant d’être plutôt utilisé raisons fiscales affiliés déjà largement piliers existants répondait préoccupations reste objection majeure individualisation décourage grandement ultérieur plans collectifs secteur ou l’entreprise Pourquoi employeurs seraient-ils intéressés s’il transféré intégralement individuel? investirait- accord collectif peut régler Un réalité contraire ambitieux L’essence partagé implique donc collective Encourager relève stratégie On commencera détricoter voulons précisément renforcer accroître risques Individualiser constitue fausse bonne idée

Een gevaarlijke wending in het pensioenbeleid


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Een gevaarlijke wending in het pensioenbeleid Opinie gepubliceerd De Standaard en Le Soir 4 11 2016 Tekst ondertekend door alle leden van de Academische Raad die regering is ingesteld ter opvolging Commissie Pensioenhervorming 2020-2040: Jacques Boulet; Bea Cantillon; Pierre Devolder; Etienne Callataÿ; Jean Hindriks; Ria Janvier; Françoise Masai; Gabriel Perl; Erik Schokkaert; Yves Stevens; Frank Vandenbroucke; Elly Van Velde heeft maatregelen genomen om financiële houdbaarheid pensioenstelsel te verbeteren verhoging wettelijke pensioenleeftijd tot 67 jaar 2030 meest controversiële ingreep Dergelijke op termijn waarschijnlijk onvermijdelijk maar zou deel moeten uitmaken een breder geheel hervormingen Om steun verwerven publieke opinie men uitleggen wat dit beleid oplevert welke doelstellingen er mee bereikt worden We hebben gepleit voor robuust sociaal contract rond eerste pensioenpijler (het pensioen waar iedereen verplicht aan deelneemt): enerzijds duidelijke sociale ambities overeengekomen anderzijds aanpassingsmechanismen vastgelegd daadwerkelijk realiseren loopbanen verlengen principe hand liggende aanpassingsmechanisme niet enige kernidee uit rapport 2014 dat vooraf gestabiliseerd wordt basis (met behulp puntenstelsel) nu toe opgepikt Veilige aanvullende pensioenen zijn zinvol Het goed robuuste pijler aangevuld met tweede fondsvorming In kader haar hervormingsvoorstellen idee opgevat werknemers vrijheid krijgen zichzelf aanvullend pijlerpensioen bouwen Werknemers zouden vrij kunnen beslissen welk bedrag ze daarvoor storten fiscale voordeel dezelfde als geldt persoonlijke bijdragen gestort werkgevers collectief inrichten Deze piste individualisering alleen strijdig echte ontwikkeling ook gevaarlijk Dat zelfstandigen individuele uitbouwen logisch naast Individuele Pensioentoezegging rechtspersoon toegang gelijkaardige formule wenst actief natuurlijke persoon Men moet daarbij wel zorgen voldoende beschermd bestaande belangrijke garanties ingebouwd bijvoorbeeld inzake behalen rendement; betreft betekent minstens ingelegde kapitaal terugzien wereld beleggingen verzekeringen legt overheid dergelijke banken verzekeraars onderworpen allerlei verplichtingen consument beschermen Er bestaat risico nieuwe tussen wal schip valt: zonder minimale rendementsgaranties bescherming Met betrekking deze verschillende waarborgen bijzondere waakzaamheid geboden geen wil mogelijk maken werknemers: werkgever dan keuze loon pensioenplan Hier vooreerst waarschuwing: indien noch omvattende consumentenbescherming bij voorzien bijzonder riskante waarvan toepassingsgebied problemen stelt ongelijkheden dreigt versterken Veronderstel systeem voorbehouden bedrijven nog bestaat: gebeurt bepaalde dag toch willen opzetten? En slechts zeer bescheiden hebben: hun recht vrije stortingen? Anderzijds opengesteld komt doelstelling gevaar want vooral gebruikt omwille belastingvoordeel mensen al mate pijlers Zelfs tegemoet komen blijft fundamenteel bezwaar ontmoedigt hoge verdere uitbouw gebaseerd collectieve plannen sectoren Waarom geïnteresseerd waarbij beleggingsrisico volledig verschuift naar werknemer? investeren overleg over pensioenvorming individueel iedere werknemer apart kan geregeld worden? facto omgekeerde ambitieuze essentie risico’s gedeeld Bij aanmoedigen hoort thuis pensioenstrategie begint ontrafelen terwijl wij precies wilden versterken; ongelijkheid zullen toenemen individualiseren verkeerd ‘leuk idee’